Moreover, among the proposed systems, the SOFC power system is the most eco-friendly alternative (up to 92.1%), even though it requires a high lifecycle cost than the others. By comparing the conventional and proposed systems, it is shown that ammonia can be a carbon-free fuel for ships. Further, these systems are compared to the conventional main engine propulsion system that is fueled by heavy fuel oil, with a focus on the economic and environmental perspectives. All of the proposed systems are fueled by ammonia however, different power systems are used: main engine, generators, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). In this paper, we propose four propulsion systems for a 2500 Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit (TEU) container feeder ship. Ammonia has been regarded as one of the potential carbon-free fuels for ships based on these environmental issues. In 2018, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) pledged to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by at least 50% by the year 2050 as compared with a baseline value from 2008. The shipping industry is becoming increasingly aware of its environmental responsibilities in the long-term.
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